Western civilization

The modern scientific revolution view about the world replaced the existing medieval view. The scientific view of the world brought about modern understanding of human nature, physics, natural environment as well as biology. The medieval view of the world examined the globe using major realms of religion. Later, the new scientific view of the world pursued the concept that the universe was a stationary object that was located at the center of heavenly bodies (Sherman Salisbury 465).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Western civilization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More John Locke followed the foot steps of Newton’s perception of the natural world but he went further and presented a better understanding of the minds of human. According to Locke, human beings are born with a blank mind without any innate idea or thought on it and therefore any idea found in the minds of human beings are as a result of sensory input. According to Sherman and Salisbury, â€Å"Locke’s empirical psychology rejected the notion that human beings were born with innate ideas or that revelation was a reliable source of truth† (464). According to Locke, the mind of a human being is created when it comes into contact with external world. Hence, his view on the nature of human mind challenged the medieval view of the world on the existence of human mind being based on miracles and mere beliefs. In his scientific view of the world, Locke disputed the belief on origin of sin. According to him, all human beings have the ability to change their destinies and therefore he disputed the medieval view of the world that men cannot change their perceived destination ((Sherman Salisbury 446). The new scientific view of the world promoted critical thinking unlike the medieval view which failed to do so. In addition, no single aspect or theory can be accepted on the basis of superstition. Thus, the existing super stition on nature was replaced with much reliance on reasoning and the thought that the universe was governed by rational thinking and not elements of superstition. Hence, â€Å"†¦established religions were based on nothing but hope and fear. Reason demanded that people live with skeptical uncertainty rather than dogmatic faith† (Sherman Salisbury 465).Advertising Looking for essay on ancient history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore, the new scientific view posited that nothing should be accepted on the basis of faith, superstitions and beliefs. The scientific view of the world came up with an objective truth that was used in carrying out experiments. According to scientific view of the world, individuals should use their logical and their reasoning to objectively and accurately explore the universe and not rely on superstition as the medieval view of the world did (Sherman Salisbury 467). The new sci entific view theorized the universe as a stable entity and instability could only be caused by disturbance of the universal machine. For instance, Sherman and Salisbury observe that â€Å"optimistic intellectuals pushed for reform and change using critical change and empirical reasoning to back their arguments† (465). Thus according to scientific view of the world, any instability should be avoided and emphasis should be placed on putting up measures to avoid any disturbance of the natural order (Sherman Salisbury 460). The new scientific view of the world welcomed the notion of order but discouraged disorder and thus disorder was avoided at all costs. Thus, plagues, earthquakes, storms and other threatening activities were seen as disruptors of natural order (Sherman Salisbury 459). The same view was held up by traditionalist who viewed the world as an entity created by God and therefore, the existing divine order should not be disrupted either by man or any other element. Therefore, both the new scientific view of the world and the medieval view perceived human behavior as not only disruptive but also disorderly. Hence, there was need to control both of these entities. Influence of enlightenment on traditional views and authorities The enlightenment was created by a set of intellectual and cultural transformations that took place in Europe. During the revolution period, European scholars and thinkers disputed the existing scientific beliefs that were put in place by the ancients and held up by the church. According to Sherman and Salisbury, â€Å"new information and arguments added weight to Bayle’s criticism of biblical authority† (467). For instance the geologists argued that the earth was there before and thus they disputed the biblical account the same. Science-the church altered their views towards science due to astronomers such as Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei. These astronomers questioned the existing truth on Aristotleâ €™s teachings and other truths that were accepted during that time in explaining the existence of the world and man. The works of Galilei in the field of inertia and physics and those of Kepler on the motion of earth changed the perception of the church and other authorities in the way in which they viewed the earth (Sherman Salisbury 467).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Western civilization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Besides, during the enlightenment period, astronomy, earth science, scientific revolution and physics among others experienced new methods of scientific exploration. The enlightenment further influenced the culture, politics and scientific milestones. In conclusion, the medieval view of the world applied the realm of religion to explain existence of the world. Everything was tied up on God as the provider and creator of the universe. In addition, medieval age was laced with belief in su perstition and miracles. However, the new scientific view of the world maintained that the existence of the universe can only be explained using critical thinking and not belief system and faith. The new scientific view also believed that the existence of the earth should only be explained using the realm of truth and reality which should be objective in nature. On the other hand, the element of enlightenment influenced greatly the traditional views and authorities in quite a number of ways. Works Cited Sherman, Dennis Salisbury, Joyce. New world of reason and reform. Boston: McGraw-hill, 2004. This essay on Western civilization was written and submitted by user Melissa Buck to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sample Argumentative Essay With Data on Psychology of Politics

Sample Argumentative Essay With Data on Psychology of PoliticsA sample argumentative essay with data on the psychology of politics is very important for those who want to play the game of politics and win in it. There are many cases where a potential politician just does not know what to do, even though he or she might have been interested to learn all that is needed to be successful in politics.For example, a candidate might think that he has come up with a great policy for fighting crime but he just cannot accept the fact that it is not popular with the general public. Therefore, it would be best if he or she would consult with the professional psychologists and other experts on the psychology of politics and put forward his idea on how to use this innovative policy. This will definitely boost his position in the political race.It is better if the candidate would bring out the data on the issue so that the readers can see and judge his or her point of view clearly. As long as the r eader can see the evidence behind his or her point of view, the popularity rating of the idea would go up.It is better if the candidate was able to impress the audience by coming up with an impressive argument about the topic. It is also better if the candidate is able to throw out some insightful thoughts about the issues that are raised in the argument. That is how the candidates who are not aware of the exact problems of the people can keep them in the forefront of their minds.To draw attention to their ideas, a few words of concise and simple sample argument can be enough. However, they should be presented in such a way that will really benefit the people and get their attention.In these complex times, the government has become very strict and these samples are not allowed to be used in court, even in simple sample argument. But if the arguments are strong and presented in a creative way, then there will be no problem at all.When a politician is good at using these samples, then it is obvious that his or her position would become stronger among the readers. If the readers feel that the writer of the essay is able to come up with an interesting and relevant argument, then they will be interested in his or her comments and statements.The writers of the essays will also play a very important role in making the argument interesting. It is important that they are able to make the arguments intriguing so that the readers will not mind all the information that they have to know about the subject.

Analyse The Ethics Of Dark Tourism Tourism Essays

Analyse The Ethics Of Dark Tourism Tourism Essays Analyse The Ethics Of Dark Tourism Tourism Essay Analyse The Ethics Of Dark Tourism Tourism Essay The Anne Frank Organisation ( 2006 ) states that in 2004, 936,000 visitants visited the house that used to be Anne Frank s, a Judaic miss who among other Jews were murdered in the clip of Hitler s fascism. Among this timeframe, Auschwitz, a concentration cantonment based in Poland which became a symbol of race murder, yearly receives 750,000 visitants ( Yuill, 2003 ) coming near to the one-year 900,000 visitants to Dachau ( Lippard, 1999 ) . All these sites and many more which are similar, are what are called sites for dark touristry ( Lennon and Foley, 2000 ) , besides known as Thanatourism ( Seaton, 1996 cited in Ryan et Al, 2005 ) and Black Spots ( Rojek, 1997 ) . This signifier of touristry is what Seaton ( 1999 ) defines as sites and attractive forces that are associated with deceases, Acts of the Apostless of force, scenes of decease and offenses against humanity. With the popularity of this signifier of touristry turning within the horror touristry market ( Tunbridge and Ashworth, 1996 ) , the ethical issues environing it will necessitate to be questioned. With the consumers and suppliers taking portion in this growing of dark touristry, both their potentially contrasting ethical positions towards dark touristry may be different. Whereas a suppliers agencies of continuing history is to bear down people to keep its upkeep, the consumers may see it as money doing strategy in the disbursal of the asleep lives of the site. Whereas the suppliers agencies of allowing people know its history is through reading of vulgar images, may look unethically unsavory for consumers. Therefore, utilizing Stone ( 2006 ) s shades of darkness spectrum as a tool for mensurating different degrees of dark touristry sites, these two chief issues will be critically examined in deepness, and in both the consumers and suppliers point of positions to farther underst and the ethical quandary of dark touristry. Dark touristry has frequently raised ethical arguments about the ways in which leisure and pleasance are assorted with calamity ( Kempa and Strange, 2003 ) , as many people think some sites for dark touristry is excessively sensitive to show it for the universe to see. However, although this may be the instance, it really varies depending on the shade the site is providing. This has been supported by Stone ( 2006 ) in which he believes that non all dark touristry sites and its supplies have the same grade of darkness and moralss. Stone ( 2006 ) believes that each site and what it supplies has its ain grade of darkness, and depending on its standards ; it can be placed on what he refers as a darkest-lightest spectrum. On one side of the spectrum is what he termed lightest side of dark touristry. Sites belonging to this side of the spectrum tend to be to the full commercial suppliers such as the London Dungeon, which Stone ( 2006 ) besides term Dark Fun Factories , as its chief purpose may be more fiscal than educational. Stone ( 2006 ) further explains that although sites belonging to this side of the graduated table will be associated with decease and agony, it is non OF decease and agony. Therefore, sites at this lightest side will most probably be purposeful and amusement based, with a lower grade of moralss environing it. However, on the other terminal of the spectrum are the darkest side of the spectrum, in which its standard s are wholly the antonym of those on the lighter side. Stone ( 2006 ) explains that sites on the darkest side will be sites of decease and agony and its orientation will be to educate. Examples of these darker sites are which Wight ( 2005 ) category as primary sites, such as holocaust cantonments to sites of famous person deceases, as sites on this side of the graduated table will be seen as reliable and non purposeful, taking to a higher grade of ethical issues environing the sites at this side of the graduated table. One of these ethical issues is the impression of whether consumers should be charged to come in a site of decease and with so much history. In novitiates and consumers eyes, it could be seen every bit unethical as they may see it as a agency for suppliers to do net incomes in the disbursal of the asleep lives and history. Although this may be the instance on sites within the lighter shadiness of the spectrum as it may be strictly commercial, it is non ever the instance within the darker sites. Sites from the darker shade such as Auschwitz, the Gallipoli Anzac ( Slade, 2003 ) and Robben Island prison ( Shackley, 2001 ) are usually sites which are old and need continuous up maintaining and staff. With this uninterrupted care, sites will necessitate money to be able to go on to run its site and its historical contents. However, this besides leads to the issue of how much. If a site charges merely plenty to afford the care, so it may look just and ethical to make so. For illustration, harmonizing to Shackley ( 2001 ) , the prison in Robben Island which Dann ( 1998 ) elaborates as a Dungeon of Death attractive force, employs local people as tour ushers, and their mean hebdomadal pay is ?10, which is the same sum as the entryway fees. However, if the entryway fees were to duplicate, it will so be seen as net income devising, therefore, unethical as it is money doing in disbursal of the yesteryear. By bear downing its consumers, it may besides be a agency of commanding how many consumers enter the site, as mass ingestion of the site may take to consider sanctification and loss of original individuality of the site. Strange and Kempa ( 2003 ) agrees with this and farther provinces that the commodification of history for mass ingestion often leads to the trivialization of the site, and in bend causes deliberate sanctification of its history, every bit good as the loss of original intent of why the site was built. An illustration of this occurrence is shown in the site of Machu Picchu. Johnston ( 2006 ) explains how of all time since Machu Picchu was named a World Heritage Site in 1983, over 500,000 visitants started sing the site every twelvemonth, and to forestall calculated sanctification, an entryway fee of $ 20 was put up. This in bend non merely did non restrict the figure of foreign consumers from sing, but besides pushed the local people out of its ain heritage site as they could non afford the entryway fees. Johnston ( 2006 ) continues to explicate that this has contributed to the mass replacing of autochthonal people with tourers around the site, doing sanctification and trivialisation of the site, as the original civilization of Machu Picchu was gone. Despite all the motivations that the suppliers have for bear downing its consumers, its clearly shown that it needs to be managed expeditiously in order for it to work. Consumers who are devouring the merchandise as experience and integrating ( Ryan et al, 2005 ) may hold with the impression of bear downing as it may experience like they are giving back to the deceased lives and the history of the site. Lippard ( 1999 ) explains this as guilt stumbling in which consumers of this typologies may experience guilty of what happened in the past and may desire to lend towards the history in order to feed their scruples. Consumers devouring as experience and integrating ( Ryan et al, 2005 ) may be more sentimental than consumers that are devouring as drama ( Ryan et al, 2005 ) , as the typology of drama consumers will come from a Psychocentric ( Novelli et al, 2005 ) background in which they may see often to lighter sunglassess of dark touristry sites but seldom to sites of a darker shadiness. Elaborating from this, it could be possible that consumers devouring as drama may non be used to the dark history of the sites and may be shocked of its contents a nd backgrounds environing the darker sites, therefore, may welcome the sanctification of the sites but non the impression of bear downing. Frequent occurrences of this emotion tend to go on in what Ryan et Al ( 2005 ) called Grey touristry supply, in which Ryan et Al ( 2005 ) explains this theory as consumers with low, or no involvement and cognition in decease and calamity visits an intended dark touristry site. In this state of affairs, a consumer may non be cognizant of the dark historical contents of the site as they would non hold old cognitions due to its deficiency of involvement, but upon geting to the intended site and cognizing its Gore inside informations, they may immediately be repulsed and shocked. However, this is rare as Seaton ( 1999 ) believes that dark touristry is consumer demand instead than attractive force demand, explicating that if it was non from the high involvements and demand from the audience, there will non be the dark sector of touristry. To some extent, Seaton ( 1999 ) may be right and that the chief ground for the being of dark touristry could be from the high demands for dark touristry. However, for this to go on, the presentation of the sites may besides be blamed for the high popularity of dark touristry. This is because Walter et Al ( 1995 ) explains that even when consumers are interested in decease and calamities, for calamities to be given a existent significance, it needs to hold a context by account, and sometimes through the personal narratives of those people who has been caught up in it. This has been antecedently mentioned utilizing an illustration from one of the darker sites of Robben Island. Shackley ( 2001 ) states that the prison site in Robben Island located in South Africa, employs antique captives that used to be held at that place. These antique captives are now moving as circuit ushers for its consumers, repeatedly stating each group of consumers their ain personal experience of when they were held in the cells. Shackley ( 2001 ) continues to explicate that the emotional public assistance of the ushers had non been considered and many of the ushers felt obliged to go on with its employment due to miss of employment elsewhere. Although Walter et Al ( 1995 ) did explicate that consumers are interested in personal narrative relation, but ethically, should narratives every bit sensitive as this be told repeatedly and personally from the ain oral cavities of the ex captives? This may non merely be ethically incorrect, but besides morally incorrect. Blom ( 2000 ) agrees with this and states that reading every bit personal as this should be interpreted though engineering such as information points within the sites. However, despite this, suppliers within the darker sites may non see it in the same manner. Suppliers could reason that employees such as ex captives are acquiring paid and that they decide to be employed in this occupation function voluntarily. Suppliers could besid es reason that narrative stating from the oral cavities of people who have been caught up within the history of the sites are more dependable and executable than engineering. This may be because narratives that will be told from person who has really experienced and been at that place, may infact cut down the hyperbole of the contents of the history and narratives, every bit good as being less biased than if engineering was to state it. By construing utilizing engineering, there could be a high opportunity that the information recorded into the engineering is from person with no dealingss to the site, therefore, gives consumers incorrect information. Besides, this method of circuit ushers for reading may really foster profit both the suppliers and consumers, as if the consumers had to inquire a inquiry about the site and its history, it can be answered instantly by the circuit ushers, detaining the clip in which the consumers may organize its ain replies and opinions about the site. The positions of the darker site suppliers in using tour ushers may besides be the same for the positions for suppliers of the lighter shadiness of dark touristry, as it may be required and expected by consumers to hold person to steer through the igniter sites, e.g. the merriment mills ( Stone, 2006 ) . However, an deduction that can originate from this is that within the lighter shadiness of dark touristry, the circuit ushers may overstate the existent history and narratives behind the site in order to pull strings the consumers attending and promote repetition concern. Manipulation of consumers attending can besides be done by the motion of original objects. For lighter sunglassess of touristry sites to make this may be accepted, as antecedently mentioned before ; Stone ( 2006 ) explains that sites of a igniter shadiness tend to advance any stuffs in order to pull concern, therefore, pulling net incomes. However, if a site of a darker shadiness decides to make this, the fortunes will alter and it will go unethically incorrect. For illustration, Wight ( 2005 ) states that in Auschwitz, the celebrated signage that read Work will put you free was moved from its original place to a location near the terminal of the circuit to make a high point for consumers to make a controversial decision to the experience. This can be a signifier of use as Carnegie ( 2006 ) states that some sites do deliberately travel objects in order to construe the shows to incorporate cardinal, recognizable, emotional and generic truths to the local audiences. This raises an et hical quandary, as although suppliers may see nil incorrect with this as controversial decision may go forth its consumers experiencing the hurting and calamities of the past, but the moralss of this makes it unjust and inauthentic for its consumers. The chief intent in why consumers visit topographic points of dark touristry in the first topographic point is because they may desire to see the existent truth behind the sites first manus, and therefore travelled to the site to acquire this experience. However, when suppliers moves objects around to assist excite consumers heads, it is made unreal as it is non how the history says it was, but how the suppliers want it to be. By traveling objects, spots of history gets moved every bit good, and as clip moves on and cipher moves it back to its original topographic point, the beginning and spots of history of it are disregarded, therefore the calculated sanctification of some sites and the motion of sites within the shadiness spectrum. The phenomenon of dark touristry is a hard and delicate field to understand, but one facet of it that is most understood is that it is progressively turning in popularity, with 1000s of consumers flocking worldwide to see these sites of calamity. However, the moralss of sing sensitive sites such as these are besides turning, as inquiries such as whether to demo or non to demo, and whether to bear down or non to bear down are frequently questioned in both the suppliers and consumers point of positions. To demo these sites of calamities may do development of local people every bit good as calculated sanctification of the sites and its history, but to non to demo, our history may be denied to us. By understanding the ethicalities of dark touristry, it will assist in continuing its history and sites, so that it can so be better managed and better preserved and presented for the hereafter. This in bend reduces the hazard of development of the sites and the manner different typologies of consumers think. However, ethical issues do non halt at the evidences of the consumers and its suppliers, the sensitiveness of the circuit ushers are besides needed to be explored. As discussed antecedently, tour ushers such as ex captives are sometimes obliged to live over their experience repeatedly in order for consumers to cognize the history. Although this may be one of the effectual methods of stating history, it is of import to see the public assistance of these circuits ushers, as the insistent relation of their ain experience may in turn contribute to farther unethical quandary. Therefore, possibly to eventually reason on the moralss of dark touristry, it may be possible to province that ethical issues will ever go on to be around dark touristry, as long dark touristry itself exists excessively. However, the importance of the consideration of the ethicalities of dark touristry can non be understated, and both consumers and suppliers may desire to work together, if in the hereafter, we still would wish to cognize about our history through the signifier of touristry alternatively through text editions and instruction.

Castel sant's angelo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Castel sant's angelo - Essay Example The monument was constructed on a special site which was on the river edge built on solid ground. The actual architectural layout of the mausoleum is uncertain even today in terms of construction and decorative. The monument composes of three overlaid bodies of architecture which are a square base, a cylindrical body, and the last piece that was a cylindrical shape too but smaller. On top of this last piece was a statute of Hadrian pulling a quadriga. The cylindrical body of the monument was filled with an embankment of earth with a hanging garden for cover. The structure which was built at the Roman period is unrecognizable now. However, some parts still survive including the foundations and masonry of the square base, the entire masonry nucleus, the entrance built with stone blocks, the ramp leasing to the top floor, and funeral hall (Zirpolo, 2010). In all transformations that have taken place in this castle, these constructions have remained the core areas. The castle was transformed into a fortress from a mausoleum in the middle ages. This transformation also changed the layout of the structure. These changes had been taking place for over ten centuries because the building was linked to the town walls, it was built around Rome, and the changes were carried out by a military architect, Nicolo Lamberti. The castle also had a defensive role because it was positioned at a point where the northern access city route was located. The castle gained immense significance throughout the transformations that took place. There was also a dispute in the middle ages regarding the possession of the castle. Papal Court took possession of the castle when he came to Rome in 1377. Eventually in efforts to make the castle a safe place, an internal passageway was created in the cylindrical body, the Roman entrance and the spiral ramp was closed. A new entrance was created on the half way f the cylindrical mole and was linked by

British Prime Minister Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

British Prime Minister - Coursework Example 10, Downing Street, the present residence of British prime minister is naturally the centre of power in Britain. As one of the most powerful offices in the world even after the receding of imperial colonialism, office of the British Prime Minister has a unique position in the political world. Prime Ministerial office of Great Britain did not come into existence all of a sudden; but had been the result of a painful and lengthy democratic revolution. Democracy in Britain has shaped in a very different way from the other democratic States of the world, because British democracy has to assert itself under the domineering rule of British Monarchs. Starting from the days of Magna Carta, British parliamentary system evolved to reach the present political model. Britain never had a written constitution and instead, depends on covenants, political and historical traditions and precedents. Still it is considered to be the mother of all constitutions in the world and all her institutions are in their respective places. "There is no lack of statutory provisions regarding the various institutions of government, considered individually. What is lacking is a documentary and authoritative statement of the relations between these institutions," Birch (1990, -p.21). Not unnaturally democracies of the world are careful about their democratic legacies and more so Britain. The Prime Minister's office is full of constitutional checks and balances that are in place, so that an unscrupulous individual who might one day happen to occupy this exalted office, would not be able to misuse the power pattern in any way. Scepticism about politicians could be harmful to some extent, but it pays to be careful. "Unlike Civil servants, however, Prime Ministers are men who may be in a job one day and out the next. And so, having pursued power and seized it, they proceed to use and abuse it in order to dominate the Press in an apparently paranoid pursuance of survival," says Margach (1978, p.3). Some of the balances and checks that prevail on the office of British Prime Minister will be discussed here. SEPARATION OF POWERS Also called Trias Politica a term used by French political thinker Baron de Montesquieu, who lived during 18th century, the Age of Enlightenment, which is closely linked with the scientific revolution, emphasizing reason, science and rationality. Montesquieu was the originator of separation of powers, today used in all democratic states, as a check on powerful heads of states, so that the constitutional powers are not misused and the constitution itself is not usurped. Separation of power mainly works on three branches, legislature, judiciary and executive. The states are worried about the tyrannical and dictatorial rules because most of the states have come out of it to become democratic. After the Glorious Revolution when Britain became a constitutional monarchy, there was a lot of hesitation and nervousness in the air thinking that dictatorial tendency might return again. So, power of monarchy was drastically reduced to an unbelievable level to give most of it to the Prime Ministe r, Cabinet and Parliament. It was again realised that Prime Minister himself could become a dictator if checks and balances are not firmly in place and thus, the Separation of Power came into existence in Britain, though not as separation of powe

Simulation of Sales Promotions towards Buying Behavior Essay Example for Free

Simulation of Sales Promotions towards Buying Behavior Essay Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of sales promotion on buying behavior among university students. Specifically, Kongunadu Arts and Science College was chosen as study location. The research data was collected from 171 respondents. The data were collected using self-administrated questionnaires. This study found that there was no significant difference between gender and buying behavior (t = -1.003, p 0.05). There were significant relationship between attitude towards price discounts (r = 0. 372, p 0.01), coupons (r = 0.270, p 0.01), free samples (r = 0.256, p 0.01) and buy-one-get-one-free (r = 0.338, p 0.01) with buying behavior. Results of Hierarchical Multiple Regression found that of the four variables, price discount (ß = 0.256) was more influential that of buy-one-get-one free (ß = 0.183), coupon discounts (ß = 0.014) and free samples (ß = 0.040). The findings of this study would help marketers to understand the types of promotion that significantly influence buying behaviour of the respondents. Hence, this could help marketers in their marketing planning to become more competitive and gain profit. Keywords: Sales promotion. Buying behavior. University students 1. Background of Study Many purchase situations are so habitual that consumers conduct very little cognitive activity (Wathieu Murre, 2007). In such cases, it is hard to motivate behaviors such as brand svwtching or increases in the number of units purchased. One of the advantages of promotions is that they can stimulate consumers to think and evaluate brands and purchase possibilities when they otherwise may not have. Therefore, many marketers and retailers utilize different kinds of promotion tools and strategies in order to understand the preference of consumers and boost their sales. Normally, sales may attract more customers spend their money, make consumption and purchase the products they wish during this super save period as the they believed that during the sales promotion, prices of all products are cheaper than usual. This phenomenon shows that some of the consumers are easily tempted when they see the word of sales promotion. Other than price reductions, coupon or rebate given by the retailer and other promotional tools like free sample, bonus pack and buy one get one free were found to be inducing consumer buy more than they expect (Gilbert, 1999). What are more crucial now are consumers themselves not aware the influence of sales promotion on their buying behaviour and especially little is understood about their responds to the various promotional strategies practice by marketers. This will eventually lead to over-consuming and buy the products which are not necessary and useless. 2. Purpose and Significant of Study Research on marketing tools is indeed important to understand the most influencing tools to compete with competitors. Through this information, marketers and retailers could well plan their resources to gain the maxiirium profit. Thus this study aim to investigate the preference of consumer on different promotional tools, marketers and retailers will able to aware of the consumer behavior so that they can utilize the right and th most effective promotion technique to attract customers. From the consumer perspective, this study will reveal the consumer attitude toward sales promotion and thus raise the awareness of consumers about their behavior that influenced by sales promotion. It also presents better understanding and information to consumers where their purchase behavior will be affected differently due to different type of promotional tools. 3. Literature Review Promotion is one of the techniques to attract consumers to purchase more or try a product or service. Severe outcomes of promotion included sales increased, quantify of stock used and attract new consumers. For example, price promotion refers to temporary price reduction which offers to consumers. The characteristic is the retailer would label a specific percentage or cash saving for the products or services. Previous studies indicated that a sudden increase of sales would experience by retailers because of price-conscious of consumers (Banks Moorthy, 1999; Kopalle Mela, 1999; Smith Sinha, 2000; Gilbert Jackaria, 2002). According to Blackwell, Miniard and Engel (2001), price discounts played significant roles in influencing consumer product trial behavior by which indirectly attract new consumer. In term of coupon promotions, those consumers obtained coupon are entitled to get discount of the products at its brighial price (Ndubisi Chew, 2006). Previous study found that coupon promotions do not have significant effect on volume of product purchase by consumer (Gilbert Jackarias, 2002). Later, a study conducted by Ndubisi and Chew (2006) at Malaysia has re-affirmed the statement by Gilbert and Jackarias (2002). They also reported that coupon promotion was among the least used and unpopular promotional tools by consumers. However, the results in Dotsons (2001) research proved that women report being more likely to use only coupons than men (p 0.05) and the youngest age group (less than 25 years old) reports a higher possibilify of taking advantage of bonus packs (p 0.05), price deals (p 0.05) and samples (p 0.05) than the age group of 35 to 54 respectively. According to Kardes (1999), marketing managers aware of product trial related to behavioral experience of consumers towards a product. Thus, sending free sample take place in promotional tools. Free samples refers to consumers are giving a free small sample of the product so that consumers have the chance to try and use the product. Shimp (2003) reported that a free sample had influence on consumers buying behavior while Gilbert and Jackaria (2002) have shown otherwise. Free sample was positively related to immediate sales of that particular (Lammers, 1991). Promotion technique of buy-one-get-one-free is one of the types of bonus packs in which the consumers are offered the additional product at the ordinary price but are in an enhanced package. Consumer would be easily persuaded to buy products as there is no extra cost need and more valuable perceived by consumers (Sinha Smith, 2000). Besides, this promotion technique would beneficial to retailers in speed up the stock clearance compared to price promotions (Li, Sun Wang, 2007). Relating with buying behavior, consumers usually have endless demand to ftilfiU their needs and satisfaction to obtain something new or better as every individual has their own behavior, attitude and thought while choosing products, services and making purchase decision. Consequently, there is a large body of literattire, which has examined consumers buying behavior and the studies have reported that many factor would infiuence consumer behavior whether buy or not to buy a product. According to Smelser and Baltes (2001), most of the daily life activities dominated by buying goods behavior and also experience which gained from the place such as shopping centers, cify centre, shops, recreational park, tourism centre and so on, where some stimulation radius can be stimulated. William (2002) revealed that social class has significant determination on purchase evaluation criteria. Attitude formation, motivation, value orientation, income, socialization during childhood and education levels will influence ones social class. According to Yip (2003), social class of an individual indirectly shows that low income would cause limited choice when making purchase decisions. High purchasing power, sales person and sales circumstances was among three key factors which influenced impulsive clothes buying practice among women consumer (Naimah Tan, 1999). 4. Methodology For the convinence of the researchers Kongunadu College of Arts and Science was selected as location of study. The data collection process was conducted among the students with prior permission from the department. Even though this small sample might not able to representative of all the population, it is considered as appropriate sampling because of using a relatively homogeneous group and this is helpful to minimize random error that might occur in using a heterogeneous sample such as the general public (Calder, Philips Tybout, 1981). Pilot study had been done before the actual study take place. The purpose of pilot study was to assess the reliability of the instruments that used in actual study. For this research, the pilot test had involved a total of 25 students in order to ensure that the question were understandable by the actual respondents. In addition, pre-test allowed the researcher to improve confidence and to make sure that the items that existed in questionnaire was suiting the studys requirement. 4.1 Instrumentation The present study used the questionnaire as the instrument of the study. The questionnaire was divided into three parts that were background of the respondents, the respondents attitude and perception with regards to different promotional tools and buying behaviour of respondents. In first part of questionnaire, each respondent was asked to answer both open-ended and close-ended questions. Open-ended questions allowed respondents to generate an answer without limitations such as age and family monthly income. On the other hand, close-ended questions required respondents to select from a set of answer already provided such as gender and race. Second part of the questionnaire was consisted of thirty two items where each different promotional tool was measured using eight items. The items developed to determine respondents attitude towards different promotional tools. There were four different promotional tools tested (i.e., price discounts, coupons, free samples and buy-one-get-one-fre e). Respondents were required to give a respond on a four point ordinal scale (strongly disagree, disagree, agree, strongly agree). The last of the questionnaire was also used four points ordinal scale (strongly disagree, disagree, agree, strongly agree) where there were thirteen items measuring the consumers buying behaviour, adopted from Bakeweà ¼ and Mitchell study. In the addition, the responses are given from one point in one end to four points in the other end. The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 16.0 was used to analyze data. For analytical purposes, each scale of the total attitude score (price discounts, coupon discount, free samples and buy-one-get-one-free approach) were categorized into two categorized, solely based on the mean score of each measurement. The reliability for attitude towards price discounts scale was 0.752 while the reliabiliy of attitude towards coupons scale was 0.827. Furthermore, the reliability for attitude towards free samples scale was 0.862 and the reliabiliy for attitude towards buy-one-get-one-free scale was 0.806. Buying behaviour scale had achieved reliability of 0.680. These five instruments had achieved acceptable reliability for business and social science research. 5. Research Finding and Discussion 5.1 Attitude towards Price Discounts Table 1 demonstrates that more than half of the respondents agree that they prefer brands which offer price discounts, but more than half of the respondents prefer their favourite brands than brands which offer price discounts. This study also interested in indentifying about the category of attitude towards price discounts. The scale of the total attitude towards price discounts was then categorized into two equal groups. Respondents who scored above the mean scale (2.56 points) were categorized as having favourable attitude towards price discounts and respondents who scored below of the mean scale were categorized as having unfavourable attitude towards price discounts. Table 1 showed that less than half of the respondents (40.4%) had unfavourable attitude towards price discounts, where as there were 69.0% of the respondents have favourable attitude towards price discounts. 5.2 Attitude towards Coupons Table 1 indicated that the first statement was agreed by most of the respondents which were 53.2%. They acknowledged that a brand offers coupon would be a reason for them to buy. The respondents feel that a brand which offers coupon doesn’t give them a good buy (56.1%). Respondents do not give priority for the brands which offers coupon and they prefer their regular and favourite brands more. The data in Table 3 showed that the score of total attitude towards coupons of the respondents in range of lower than 2.44 points which were 49.7% of the respondents have unfavourable attitude towards coupons. On the other hand, there was 50.3% of the respondents have favourable attitude towards coupons. This indicated that exactly half of the respondents have positive attitude towards coupons promotion in this research. 5.3 Attitude towards Free Samples According to Table 1, exactly half of the respondents agreed that when they buy a brand that offers free samples, they feel they are getting a good buy (51.4%) and free sample has allowed them to buy more quantities of the same product. Moreover, half of the respondents prefer to buy the same brand even if they have free samples on other brands. However, Shimp (2003) reported that free sample had influence on consumers buying behaviour. As presented by Table 3, the scale of the total attitude towards free samples score cut point for two equal groups was 2.46 points which mean the group who scored higher than the mean scale of 2.46 has favourable attitude towards free samples and respondents who scored below of the mean scale were classified as having unfavourable attitude towards free samples. Based on Table 3, it proved that majority of the respondents (55.6%) have favourable attitude towards free samples while there were 44.4% of the respondents have unfavourable attitude towards free samples. This showed that there were 95 respondents (55.6%) out of the 171 respondents willing to consume more during the sales promotion with free samples technique. 5.4 Attitude towards Buy-One-Get-One-Free Table 1 illustrated the respondents in this study have agreed perception on all of the eight statements related to buy-one-get-one-free promotion tool. It showed that the percentage of the respondents who agreed on the statements was more or higher than respondents who disagreed on it. For example, 62.6 of the respondents agreed that a brand offers buy-one-get-one-free could be a reason for them to buy. Based on Table 1, it presented the scale of the attitude towards buy-one-get-one-free cut point for two equal groups were 2.6 points. Respondents who scored below the mean scale ( 2.6 points) of the attitude towards buy-one-get-one-free were categorized as having unfavourable attitude where as respondents who scored above the mean scale (2.6 points) were categorized as having favourable attitude towards buy-one-get-one-free. In Table 3, there were 48% of the respondents who have unfavourable attitude towards buy-one-get-one-free while 52% of the respondents have favourable attitude to wards buy-one get-one-free. 5.5 Respondents Buying Behaviour According to Brown (2007), buying behaviour refers to the decision processes and acts of people involved in buying and using products. There were total of 13 statements used to examine the respondents buying behaviour. The responses were scored by four point ordinal scale. Table 2 indicated the descriptive analysis of each question for buying behaviour. The analysis had been divided into two levels of buying behaviour: agree and disagree. From Table 2, it showed that majority of the respondents (80.7%) agreed in general, they try to get the best overall quality and 81.8% of them agreed they look very carefully to find the best value for money. More to the point, there were 71.9% of respondents agreed once they find the product they like, they will buy it regularly and 81.3% of them would carefully watch how much they spend. Among the 13 statements, the statement of I normally shop quickly, buying the first product or brand I find that seems good enough agreed by most least respondent s which were 56.8% of respondents. The results of buying behaviour level as shown in Table 3. Equal range was used to categorize the buying behaviour that is low and high level Respondents who under 2.87 points and above were categorized as having high levels of buying behaviour and vice versa. There were 49.7% of respondents in category of low level buying behaviour and 50.3% of respondents have high level of buying behaviour. The respondents, who have high level of buying behaviour normally, have high level of involvement where they are paying more attention towards sales promotion (Raaij et al, 2001). The result of Independent Samples T-test showed that there was no significant difference between buying behaviour and gender (t = -1.003, p 0.05). It was consistent with previous study by Chu (2006). However, the mean score of buying behaviour of male (M = 2.8390) respondents is slightly lower than female respondents (M =2.9059). 5.6 The relationship between the selected variables and buying behaviour The result of Pearson Correlation test revealed that there was a significant relationship between attitude towards price discounts and buying behaviour among respondents (r = 0.372, p ≠¤ 0.001) (refer to Table 4). The results of this study reaffirmed that findings of previous study by. Blackwell, Miniard and Engel (2001) that price discounts play significant roles in influencing consumers purchase trial behaviour, and Smith and Sinha (2000), price promotions can induced consumers buying behaviour and result in a short term increases in sales. There was a significant relationship between attitude towards coupons and buying behaviour (r = 0.270, p≠¤ 0.001). The result of this study was inconsistent with previous study in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia which found that coupons have no significant relationship on product trial ptu-chase (Ndubisi Chew, 2006). This may caused by locality difference. This study also found that, there was a significant relationship between attitude towards free samples and buying behaviour (r = 0.256, p ≠¤ 0.001). The result is consistent with Shimp (2003) that a free sample had influence on consumers buying behaviour. Besides, Lammers (1991) also verified that free samples did have a positive impact on immediate sales of the product. Lastly, there was a significant relationship between attitude towards buy-one-get-one-free and buying behaviour (r = 0.338, p ≠¤ 0.001). It showed that the promotion tools with buy-one-get-one-free did attract and induce consumers favourable attitude on buying behaviour. Table 5 summarizes results of a multiple regression analyses of the buying behaviour. All the four selected variables namely: price discounts, coupons, free samples and buy-one-get-one-free which significantly related to buying behaviour was regressed using hierarchical method. Model 1 was used to in interpreting the buying behaviour of the respondents. Of the four variables, price discount (ß = 0.256) was more influential that of buy-one-get-one free (ß = 0.183), coupon discounts (ß = 0.014) and free samples (ß = 0.040). 6. Implications, Recommendations and Conclusions 6.1 Implications Every consumer has their own personal characteristic especially in choosing and making purchase decision. With the growing number of sales promotion, it is important to determine the consumers perception towards their buying behaviour. Besides, this study also examines several factors which included socio-demographic background (gender) and attitude towards four different promotional tools on buying behaviour. From the findings, it was noticed that consumers respond positively to the various promotional tools that is promoted by the marketers. It is because consumers are believed that during the sales promotion, prices of all products are cheaper than usual and they felt they are getting a good buy. It meant that the more positive or favourable the attitude towards promotional tools, the more increasing possibility consumers make purchase decision during sales promotion. Gender was found to have no significant difference on buying behaviour. The results of this study have several implications that would be beneficial to marketers, consumers and future research. From the marketers perspective, they can have a better understanding of UPM students buying behaviour so that they can better predict the wants and needs of potential consumers. The information derived from this research enable marketers to aware of the consumer behaviour. It will help them utilize the right and the most effective promotion technique to attract customers. Moreover, the study from Ndubisi and Chew (2006) also supported that by offering the right promotional tools, it can help organizations carefully plan their promotional strategies by giving preference to the more effective tools. It is vital because the precise marketing strategies decision assists the company to minimize cost and maximize their profit. In addition, the current research made consumers more aware of their easily influence behaviour to sales promotion because it present better understanding and information to consumers where they respond differently due to different type of promotional tools. The research also created consumer awareness to make careful analysis before they decide to buy products and services. Hence, the consumers will realize the importance of understanding the changing environment and update themselves from time to time (Hang, 2008). Finally, consumers were benefited through this study and becoming smarter day by day. This study was also useful to academicians where current study could serve as a reference and may provide some guides for researchers who would like to study about the same topic. 6.2 Recommendations Although this research has taken vital steps to identify the factors that influence buying behaviour, it also has certain limitations. Firstly, the limitation of the data prevents further exploration of the study. There was an age limit and only 171 respondents have been participated in this study. The respondents were almost homogenous for age types because there were between 18 to 24 years old and represent early adulthood only. Different stages of life cycles of respondents would yield different results. Therefore, future researchers are suggested to increase the sample size variety especially in respondents age to decrease the error for the purpose of the generalizing result to a wider population. They can do comparison among early, middle and late adolescents in regards to buying behaviour. Secondly, future researchers may further scope to duplicate the study in different environment and different geographical locations. Different environment played a significant factor that influence respondents behaviour specifically workplace, supermarkets and shopping complexes or malls. Working individuals could behave in a different manner compared with this sample. Besides, the individuals who do not have occupation such as housewife and retired person may also behave differently because the understanding and experience of respondents towards the questions might influence their answers. Since this study was conducted in Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, it could not represent other people in urban or rural areas where the quality of life is different. Thirdly, future researchers are suggested to use interview technique in doing research especially at the place here transactions happen. This will enable the researchers obtain an accurate information based on the respondents fresh memory; Last but not least, this research has only examines four promotional tools that influence buying behaviour. Future researchers are suggested to determine other promotional tools such as rebates, sweeptakes, in pack premiums and so forth. Besides, the study can also specify in category of products or services to have more focus information. However, for more meaningful findings the different promotional tools can be investigated together rather than separately so that the interactions among them can be better understand. As a result, it can assist marketers and consumers understand other promotional tools that may influence the buying behaviour. 6.3 Conclusions Sales promotions play an important role in the marketing programs of marketers and retailers. A large percentage of marketers sales are made on promotion. This situation is becoming apparently when the financial crisis and economic downtime happened in 2008. The marketers are rather use variety of promotional tools to offers consumers an extra inducement to buy their products than advertising in classic media. It is supported by the research from Curzon (2009) who stated that sales promotions are not only effective in attaining short-term sales as they are also more cost-effective compared to other integrated marketing communications tools such as advertising. In conclusion, the consumers attitude towards different promotional tools on buying behaviour is favourable. It showed that sales promotion tools are supplementary or complementary to existing business as an additional marketing strategy. This research demonstrated that consumers buying behaviour were motivated by multiple types of factors, including socio-demography, promotional tools such as price discounts, coupons, free samples and buy-one-get-one-free. In addition, the framework provides new insights into the understanding of how students respond to various promotional tools offered by marketers and the impacts on their buying behaviour, which may be essential for marketers in order to utilize accurate marketing strategies to promote products.

Struggle for Freedom in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay -- Advent

Struggle for Freedom in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "The Widow Douglas, she took me for her son, and allowed she would sivilize me; but it was rough living in the house all the time, considering how dismal regular and decent the widow was in all her ways; and so when I couldn't stand it no longer, I lit out." The aforementioned quotation best describes Huck's philosophy when faced with ties that bind. When he is unable to take the restrictions of life any longer, whether they be emotional or physical, he simply releases himself and goes back to what he feels is right and what makes him happy. Hence, one of the most prominent and important themes of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is freedom. Freedom not only from Huck's internal paradoxical struggle in defining right and wrong, but also freedom from Huck's personal relationships with the Widow Douglas and his father, as well as freedom from the societal institutions of government, religion, and prejudices. Throughout the story Huck is plagued with an internal moral dilemma of what he feels is right and what he is taught is right. Huck is possibly the only character in the story that operates solely on his own moral convictions. This produces significant conflict when the accepted rules of society, often corrupt in nature, are imposed upon him. The best example of this internal conflict is Huck's brief experiences with organized religion. The teachings by the Widow Douglas of the pathways to heaven are in constant conflict with Huck's own beliefs. Because of this, Huck readily rejects the teachings of organized religion, and therefore must often grapple with the undue guilt that this hypocritical heresy places on him. Such is the cas... ...eedom is essential to happiness. Twain ends the novel with a frustrated Huck stating; "Aunt Sally she's going to adopt me and sivilize me and I can't stand it. I been there before." Although the novel ends leaving the reader a sense that Huck is truly free, this concluding phrase subtlety, yet clearly, implies that the struggle for freedom is a never-ending one. Works Cited and Consulted Harris, Susan K. "Huck Finn." Huck Finn. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. 1990.   Trachtenberg, Alan. "The Form of Freedom in Huckleberry Finn." Huck Finn. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishing. 1990. Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001. Whitley, John S. "Kid's Stuff: Mark Twain's Boys." Huck Finn. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishing. 1990.