Essay about Imagination and Literature - 1865 Words

Imagination and Literature The importance and influence of imagination on the creation and critique of literature varies between and within various artistic eras. Originally seen as an aberrant function of the mind, imagination was subservient to the powers of reason and order. Art involved mere replication of the real, a craft rather than an unique act of creation. Beginning as early as Aristotle, however, human imagination has been linked to the power and value of art. The ascendancy and, in some eras even superiority, of imagination as a potent mental faculty gave birth to new critical enterprises bent on articulating the manner, motivation, and merit embedded in art and the artistic process. By tracing the development of†¦show more content†¦Imagination is a natural structure of the mind which must be trained or attuned to appreciate the greatness of art, to develop a meaningful standard of taste. Where Hume addresses the critic, Johnsons attention is fixed on the writer and the duty of each writ er to increase prudence without impairing virtue (227). Imagination is both the key and the obstacle to Johnsons moral vision of art. In order to inspire an audience toward goodness, an artist must possess a fertile and ever expanding imagination. Whatever is beautiful, and whatever is dreadful, must be familiar to his [the poets] imagination... for every idea is useful for the enforcement or decoration of moral and religious truth (228). Imagination is good when its powers are given direction, moral purpose. Johnson assumes a somewhat utilitarian attitude toward imagination; the value of imagination is dependent on its usefulness in attaining or helping others to attain virtue. Unchecked, imagination promotes virtue and vice ambivalently. Imaginative freedom must only exist within the bounds of an imminently rational moral code. Romantic critics turn the Eighteenth Century division between reason and imagination to their own poetic and critical purposes, however. Percy Shelley offers a radical revision. Rather than being an aberration or inferior form of mental activity, imagination is placed over the powers of reasonShow MoreRelated Imagination, Perception and the Experience of Nature in Literature1338 Words   |  6 PagesImagination, Perception and the Experience of Nature in Literature Works Cited Missing I am a psychology student with an English minor. While the combination seems odd at first glance, the two studies actually compliment each other quite nicely. I have always been fascinated by the way in which writing can reflect the inner workings of an authors mind, by the way it effects the reader in such a profound, defamiliarizing way, as well as by the way that it can be used to explore the many facetsRead More Power of Art, Creativity, and Imagination in Children’s Literature637 Words   |  3 PagesPower of Art, Creativity, and Imagination in Children’s Literature â€Å"Imagination is the true magic carpet ride,† as Norman Vincent Peale once said. Indeed this proves to be true in Crockett Johnson’s, Harold and the Purple Crayon, when Harold, a small boy with a large imagination, creates his world using a purple crayon. Also, Leo Lionni uses a mouse named Fredrick to capture â€Å"colors† and â€Å"sunrays† in his Caldecott winning book Fredrick. However, imagination is not the only tool utilized inRead MoreLiterature is Basically a Virtual Reality Northrop Frye’s Book, The Educated Imagination516 Words   |  2 PagesWhat is the similarity between literature and reality? Is it the imaginary setting, the violent thoughts, or the manipulative conversations? According to Frye there are no differences between literature and reality. In chapter three of Northrop Frye’s The Educated Imagination, â€Å"Giants in time† he discusses how literature is universal and basically a virtual reality. Lit erature is neither real nor unreal; it is what we perceive it as from our individual point of view. In this chapter Frye distinguishedRead MoreAnalysis Of Northrop Frye s The Educated Imagination962 Words   |  4 PagesNorthrop Frye s the Educated Imagination, published in 1963, attempts to bring out the meaning and effect of possessing an educated imagination in contrast to its opposite. Dr. Frye analyses how his theory advances society’s interests and overcomes its limits through the three levels of the human mind. In his essay, the three levels are broken down in a detailed manner, which links it directly its thesis. Frye presents definitive answers to his questions in the beginning of his essay, â€Å"What goodRead MoreAnalysis Of Northrop Fryes The Educated Imagination837 Words   |  4 Pages The Educated Imagination discusses major ideas that answer the question â€Å"what good is the study of literature?†. Frye does so by discussing concepts such as the desire of humans to connect to nature, the conformity to conventions and deviation from reality in literature, and the ideal manner in which literature should be taught. Northrop Frye’s The Educated Imagination proposes the idea that through the consumption of literature, the individual is able to develop an imagination which allows himRead MoreRomanticism in The Marriage of Heaven and Hell by William Blake1393 Words   |  6 PagesBlakes Poem William Blake was a poet, painter, and a printmaker all during the period in literature known as the Romantic time period. The Romantic time period, also known in Literature as Romanticism began in Europe, mainly France and Britain around the 1800s (Barker) and it was first defined as a tool to in literature and literary criticisms (Galitz). The Romantic period did not just focus on literature, but also on the subjects of art and knowledge which was fueled by the French RevolutionRead MoreThe Importance of Literature to Humanity1298 Words   |  6 PagesThe Importance of Literature to Humanity â€Å"Literature speaks the language of the imagination, and the study of literature is supposed to train and improve the imagination† (Frye 134). According to Northrop Frye the imagination is the combination between emotions and intellect in every individual. The more an individual is exposed to literature the better that person is at expanding their imagination, which he calls the educated imagination. Having an educated imagination helps one to think for themselvesRead MoreDefining Literature Essay928 Words   |  4 Pages The definition of literature has been discussed and argued over time and there is no precise answer to be given. Any reader or author can define literature as whatever they wish it to be defined as. This is more of an opinion of how one views certain pieces of work or writings and whether or not they feel that is actually literature or not. Literature is any type of creative writing such as fiction or poetry, for example. Literature is also any form of body of written works of language, whichRead MoreRomanticism1649 Words   |  7 Pagesfollowed the era of logical, philosophical, and social movement in the 17th to 18th century. However, as the 19th century began, Romanticism came into the light with a new perspective that intrigued the people. It stressed emphasis on emotions and imagination while also helping to realize the importance of self-expression. The American Romanticism movement illustrated inspiration, bias and predominance of individuals in the nineteenth century. Romanticism has a very small amount to do with events andRead MoreCould Imagination Be More Important than Thought?643 Words   |  3 Pagesthe same knowledge but can never have the same imagination. Imagination is not only seeing pictures in the mind, it also includes smelling, feeling and tasting. According to Webster’s New World College Dictionary, imagination is, â€Å"the act of forming mental images of what is not actually present or never been actually experienced† (Agnes). Knowledge is, â€Å"the act, fact or state of knowing† (Agnes). Imagination and knowledge work hand in hand. Imagination is more important than knowledge because it leads

The World Is A Diverse Place - 1420 Words

The world is a diverse place, and Julie Bishop once said Our cultural diversity has most certainly shaped our national character, which was certainly true during the Reformation. There were huge differences between the Jews and Christians, men and women, and rich and poor, some of which ended up causing great conflict between the different sects of society. The large disparities between major groups of people, including rich and poor, men and women, and Jews and Christians naturally lent itself to the frequent condition of war during the Reformation. The Reformation, a time of religious political cultural and intellectual upheaval of the Church, splintered Europe leading to the overall definition of modern structures and beliefs (The Reformation). The Catholic Church defined what Christianity was, and along with the question of papal authority, was questioned by reformers of the day. One of the most influential reformers was Martin Luther. An Austrian monk, whose purpose when he nail ed his 95 Theses to the doors of the Wittenberg Church was to reform the Church from the inside out. Not only did he protest the sale of indulgences within his 95 Theses, he also translated the Bible into German and created pamphlets in the vernacular, letting faith be for all instead of a select few. Another influential reformer was John Calvin, a French protestant who created a doctrine (while in exile) that was later put into practice in Geneva. It emphasized the power of God, as well asShow MoreRelatedCultural Diversity in the Workplace Essay968 Words   |  4 Pageseffectively manage the work force that is increasing in the diverse lines of ethnicity, physical ability, race, gender and sexual preferences and age. In this challenge is the notion that the best, brightest most qualified employee’s come from several different cultural background identities. To this level it stands to recongnize that individuals and work places who come to welcome and value the perspectives and talents of employee’s from cultural diverse back rounds will have a advantage over those thatRead MoreWe Need A Culturally Diverse Class867 Words   |  4 PagesDo we need a culturally diverse class? I do believe strongly that it is very essential that colleges should have a culturally diverse class. College should offer these classes considering that culturally diverse class will enhance students’ knowledge of various cultures that are significant to history. These classes that involve learning about cultures are imperative, especially to the Historically Black Colleges and Universities. These classes are important to have considering it teaches rich historyRead MoreThe Changing Composition Of Workforce And Values918 Words   |  4 PagesThe Changing Composition of Workforce and Values South Florida is a very diverse region of the United States. A large part of the population consists of immigrants from all over the world. The author Stephen Covey once said â€Å"Strength lies in differences, not in similarities.† This quote summarizes the importance of diversity and how differences can strengthen an organization. This paper will review how the composition of the workforce has changed over the years. It will cover the importance of diversityRead MoreThe Multicultural Workforce Essay1653 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Telecommunication is a vital element within a growing company. But it is the diversity of a multicultural workforce that is the actual drive of the business. Telecommunication is the fastest way businesses are conducted all over the world. Employees would be lost without the aide of their computers, fax machines, and cellular phones. These machines not only make the work load process smoother and faster, but it also gets results quicker. In order for a corporation to strive and haveRead MoreThe Problems Within The Workplace Essay1559 Words   |  7 Pagesmale-dominated workforce of the 1950s, and how that has changed, is the basis for the research and will be discussed throughout. Having worked in, what I believe is, one of the most diverse environments in the world (unsubstantiated) is the driving force behind this paper. The upper echelons of the corporate world are dissected and approached from a systemic view as to let the reader know that the word diversity does not necessary translate into leadership. Job satisfaction and job involvementRead MoreEmbracing Diversity Eth/1251596 Words   |  7 Pagestoward ethnic groups. We a s a society will need to become more diverse in our society to accommodate this growth in our population. Some will fear this â€Å"invasion† of our borders, but others will be ready to embrace it with opportunity. Our country is ready for change and this is the change that could continue to make this the greatest country that it is. Some of the challenges the culture of the United States face due to the diverse people in the country is communication. Another challenge is theRead MorePersonal Philosophy Of Leadership And Generational Lines974 Words   |  4 PagesPERSONAL APPROACH TO LEADERSHIP 2 Personal Approach to Leadership across Cultural and Generational Lines The world seems to be getting smaller, and a harmonized place of work seems to be something of the yesteryears. Instead, current leaders are required to deal with a diversity of employees across generational in addition to cultural lines, respectively with their personal values, work ethic, as well as desires. TheRead MoreStrategic Analysis : Strategic Human Resource Management Essay1426 Words   |  6 Pagessystems in place that could be analyzed and evaluated for ongoing improvements. This could also create a further opportunity to execute more diversity within the organization. To implement diversity HR must: - LINK DIVERSITY TO THE BOTTOM LINE greater diversity- greater span of experience - MAKE DIVERSITY EVIDENT ON ALL ORGANIZATION LEVELS this makes employees feel confident and safe. Lead by example that there is room for promotion amongst employees. - IS YOUR COMPANY TRULY DIVERSE in yourRead MoreA Brief Note On Race And Gender, And The Family Medical Leave Act Essay1493 Words   |  6 Pagesculture where people from diverse backgrounds can work together harmoniously! Globalization has transformed society and has had its impact on diversity from the president of the free world, Barack Obama, changing the look of leadership from a middle aged white male to anyone can be president of the United States. Since the world has become intergrated, every business must embrace diversity in the workforce because it represents their customers and suppliers. â€Å"A diverse body of talent with freshRead MoreAdvantages Of Diversity-Conscious Leadership950 Words   |  4 PagesDiversity-Conscious Leadership (APA Citation) The United States is a diverse nation with citizens originating from every other nation on Earth. Despite this diversity, Americans have only recently begun to identify diversity as a integral part of the workplace; and put into practice programs to diversify, and therefore, maximize efficiency and production. However, simply diversifying the workplace, or any other place for that matter, will not automatically increase the efficiency of workers

The Crucible By Arthur Miller - 998 Words

The world is built around labels and categories. People get comfortable with their nice little boxes and wish to organize everything into their specific box. However, not everything is so simple. Not everyone is so black and white; in fact, no one is. Nobody stays the same either. Everyone is always changing and interacting with different people and engaging in different activities and making different choices. The reputation of a person, although changing in small ways, often doesn t change drastically, unless something drastic happens. An exquisite example of this is in the play The Crucible. Due to the extreme circumstances of the Salem Witch Trials people cling stubbornly to their reputations. During the time period the play was set†¦show more content†¦The reason she wishes for John Proctor is because she was once a servant in his household and they had an affair. When John s wife threw Abigail out, rumors spread about the reasons as to why she was thrown out. Abigail s ays that Elizabeth is a hateful woman who is making up lies about her. When her uncle pressures her further, she blames the household slave, Tituba, accusing her of witchcraft. This is so Abigail is seen as the victim and be pitied instead of scorned. Fearing he might lose his position as the church minister, Reverend Parris also goes to extreme measures to protect his reputation. Parris addresses Abigail about the dancing in the woods. I pray you feel the weight of truth upon you, for now my ministry s at stake ... He asks if they were dancing naked, because he saw a dress on the ground and a naked figure run by. Abigail denies her uncle s observation. He invites Reverend Hale to come to Salem to disprove the theory of witchcraft because he does not wish that reputation among his household. He allows for Abigail to continue with her charade and accuse innocent people. Even people who have good standings among the town and the church. In fact, he encourages it. He wishes to be rid of the people who are trying to go against the church or compete with him. Being a rather selfish character, he pleads with the courts to postpone the hangings, but simply because he now has proof that it was all a lie. You cannot The Crucible By Arthur Miller - 998 Words â€Å"I want the light of God, I want the sweet love of Jesus! I danced for the Devil; I saw him, I wrote in his book; I go back to Jesus; I kiss His hand. I saw Sarah Good with the Devil! I saw Goody Osburn with the Devil! I saw Bridget Bishop with the Devil!† This is when Abigail Williams confesses to being a witch. This outburst shows the hypocrisy in Salem as well as ignorance towards the idea of the witch trials. Beginning with confessions of a meeting with the devil, continuing with declaring a reunification with Jesus, and ending with of course, accusing others of witchcraft. The false confessions favor the dishonest and are motivated by jealousy and spite. The Crucible is a four-act dramatic play production that was first performed on January 22, 1953. Arthur Miller used dialogue within the characters to cover the multiple themes; conflicts and resolutions, plus the few directions for the different actions of the play. The Salem Witch Trials were intended to be performed as the play however, when read, it can be more carefully examined and broken down to analyze the techniques. Miller, the playwright, uses literary technics suchs as allegory, imagery, and different forms of metaphors to create an extended and effective â€Å"story-telling† method that he used to convey his message. McCarthyism ties the play together, being the main theme of the play. McCarthyism is defined as the practice of making accusations of subversion or treason without properShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1269 Words   |  6 PagesAt first glance, the playwright Arthur Miller in The Crucible highlights the historical significance of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, but in fact it is an allegorical expression of his perception of McCarthyism. If the reader has some background information on Arthur Miller’s victimization as a communist, it is evident that the play is a didactic vessel illustrating the flaws of the court system in the 1950’s. The communist allegations were launched at government employees, entertainers and writersRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1681 Words   |  7 Pagesof their way to the last dying breath to make sure they leave with a good or bad reputation. In one of the recent literature study in class â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller, Miller uses characterization to illustrate reputation th roughout the play. â€Å"The Crucible† takes place in Salem, Massachusetts. It is based upon the Salem witch trails. In â€Å"The Crucible†, we journey through the life of three characters who reputations plays a major role in the play. The three characters are John Proctor, AbigailRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1333 Words   |  6 PagesAs the various characters in The Crucible by Arthur Miller interact, the dominant theme of the consequences of women’s nonconformity begins to slide out from behind the curtains of the play. Such a theme reveals the gripping fear that inundated the Puritans during the seventeenth century. This fear led to the famous witch-hunts that primarily terrorized women who deviated from the Puritan vision of absolute obedience and orthodoxy. Arthur Miller presents his interpretation of the suffering by subtlyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1145 Words   |  5 PagesUnbalance Through The Centuries In Arthur Miller’s play, The Crucible, the author reflects the persecution of communists in America in the 1950’s through a recount of the Salem witch trials. It is often presumed that Miller based his drama directly off of events that were particularly prevalent in the years surrounding the publication of The Crucible- which was released in the year 1953, towards the conclusion of the Korean War. Although there was not a literal witch hunt occurring during this timeRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1063 Words   |  5 PagesIn the English dictionary, there are three definitions of the word crucible. One is a metal container in which metals are mixed and melted. Another is a severe test. But the third definition, and the one that I think fits the best for this book, is a place or situation in which different elements interact to create something new. In my mind, this fits because all of the characters had their little grudges and dirty secrets. But when all th ose seemingly little things interact, they formed somethingRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1285 Words   |  6 Pages Rationale, Morality, Stereotypes, Pressure, Self-Censorship, Unanimity, and Mindguards. Groupthink has also taken place in our history a a country. The play, The Crucible by Arthur Miller is about a the real-life Salem Witch Trials that happened in 1692 - 1693, in Salem, Massachusetts. Some symptoms of Groupthink found in the Crucible are Rationale, Pressure, and Self-Censorship. The Groupthink symptom, Rationale, is described as when victims of Groupthink ignore warnings: they also collectivelyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller811 Words   |  4 Pages While The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, is only a four act play, it still resembles the format of a five act play. The five-act structure evolved from a three-act structure, which was made famous by Roman Aelius Donatus. Donatus came up with three types of plays: Protasis, Epitasis, and Catastrophe. The five-act structure helped to expand the three act structure, mainly made famous by Shakespeare through his many tragedies. Even though The Crucible contains only four acts, it still has the commonRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1052 Words   |  5 PagesBuddy Al-Aydi Ms.Healy English 9 CP 14th October 2014 The Crucible Essay The Crucible was a novel written by Arthur Miller in the 1950’s. It was written in a format of the play, portraying an allegory of the Salem Witch-Hunts led by Senator Joseph McCarthy. The book is known to have a inexplicable plot. This plot is advanced by multiple characters in the book in order to ensure that the reader maintains interest with the material that is being read. The farmer, John Proctor, would be theRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller841 Words   |  4 PagesThe Crucible is a chaotic play, throughout this American classic Arthur Miller takes the reader through multiple events of terror and insanity. While creating a great on-stage play, Arthur Miller portrays his life through the events, the characters, and plot of The Crucible. Using vivid imagery and comprehensible symbolism, Miller manipulates the real personalities of the characters and events in 1600 Salem, Massachusetts to create a symbolic autobiography. Throughout this play, the reader experie ncesRead MoreThe Crucible by Arthur Miller1085 Words   |  5 Pagesopposes the will of the majority is a recurring feature of drama.† Identify such a conflict in a non-Shakespearean play you have studied and show how the dramatist deals with the implications for both the character and the society. Arthur Miller in ‘The Crucible,’ deals with the internal/external conflicts of protagonist John Proctor, during the witch trials of Salem; showing the effects of â€Å"an individual opposed to the will of the majority.† Through the mass hysteria caused by Abigail, corruption

Joe Tilsons Nine Elements - 1565 Words

A visually engulfing and diverse piece, Joe Tilson’s Nine Elements uses a wooden relief with acrylic, pearl and candy paint, to represent those elements that make up mass media pop culture. Tilson uses defined iconography that visually absorbs the viewer through its differentiation within the symmetrically structured borders of the wooden relief. It is a piece that allows the observer freedom to use the representative symbols of senses and concepts present in our every day life to take their own meaning of the piece. Joe Tilson’s Nine Elements, produced in 1963, is created on a massive scale at 259 cm in height and 182.80 cm across. It was purchased in 1983 by the Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art One, and has resided there since. Nine Elements consist of a wooden relief separated into a three-by-three matrix with paintings and wooden cut outs of everyday symbols representing abstract, sense and concepts, and three tower of flame above them painted using bright candy paint. As previously mentioned the objects depicted within the three by three grid represent conceptual elements of everyday life such as sight, sound, hearing, touch, time, and chance. The eye with glasses in the top left corner represents sight and to create this sense, Tilson, used a picture of his own eye as a model for his painting. By utilizing the media of photography, a tool that has the power to preserve in time (another one of his elements) our visual sense, he is commenting on the change in

Different Types of popular music. free essay sample

It was called this because its rhythm and timing sounded raggedy. Like improvisational jazz, this was one of the first types of jazz. It was played in cakewalks and was usually played with a piano. (3) Some of the great musicians who made jazz more popular are, Art Datum, Earl Hines, Joseph Lamb, James Scott, Scott Joplin, Hot Five and Louis Armstrong. Some of the jazz musicians of today are Kenny G and Rosemary Clooney. Jazz remains a rich and vital presence in the world of music today. The next type is country and western music.Country and western music was primarily produced by white Southerners beginning in the early 1 sass and came from the folk music of Southern Appalachia and is rooted in the folk ones of immigrants from Great Britain. (5) Some of the country music styles are Western swing, honk-ton, bluegrass, rockabilly, and new country. Although originally known by the derisive label hillbillys music, country has since moved into the popular music mainstream and gained wide international Most country music is based on the lyrics rather than the musical content. Allot of country music is based on the lives and experiences of ordinary people. They include things such as love, breaking up with someone, maybe even the artist themselves telling a story in there music of their younger days growing up. Some of the instruments that are used in country music are the fiddle, the banjo, the guitar, and the piano. (5) Some country artists of past are The Carter Family, Johnny Cash, Willie Nelson, Patsy Cline and Hank Williams. Some of the country artists of today are Alan Jackson, Brooks and Dunn, Shania Twain, and Kenny Cheney.One place known to all country music artists and musicians is The Grand Ole Pry, which is in Nashville, Tennessee. (5) Another type of music style is Rhythm-and-Blues Music or better know as RB. Jerry Waxier is credited with the term R This type of music laid the groundwork for rock roll. Early rock roll is basically blended with country western and pop influences. (6) During the ass, RB was dominated by vocalists like Ray Charles and Ruth Brown, as well as vocal groups like the Drifters and the The term R B was replaced in the sass by soul music and Mouton, but has re-emerged in recent years. In this context only the abbreviation RB is used, not the full expression. (6) Today there are some great R B artists as well, like Barry White, All-4-One, India Rare, Eureka Baud and Alicia Keys. Remains a crucial part of rock, soul, and rap. Rock music is next on the list of types of music. Rock music has dominated popular music in the West since about 1955. (8) Rock music started in the united States. The term rock music commonly refers to music styles after 1959 predominantly influenced by white musicians. (8) Disc jockey Alan Freed Was the one who introduced this music and later gave it the name Of Rock n Roll. The electric guitar is the instrument most associated with rock music. Another instrument is the electric bass guitar, which was introduced by Fender in 1951. (8) The drum set is used in rock music also. Rock-and-roll guitarist Chuck Berry established a style of playing in the late 1 sass that mains a great influence on rock music. (8)Jim Hendrix, Eric Clayton, and Carols Santa are a few more rock musicians.One of my favorite rock groups is The Rolling Stones. Closely connected with youth culture, rock music and musicians have helped to establish new fashions, forms of language, attitudes, and political views. However, rock music is no longer limited to an audience of teenagers, since many current listeners formed their musical tastes during the golden age of rock and roll. Similarly, while rock has historically encouraged new creative expressions, the innovations ofChuck Berry, Elvis Presley, Bob Dylan, the Beetles, and Jim Hendrix have defined a tradition to which successive generations of musicians have repeatedly turned for inspiration A special day in the history of rock music was February 7, 1 964; it was the day that a band called the Beetles that came from Liverpool, England to the United States. On February 11, 1964, the Beetles sang their first concert in the united States, at the Washington Coliseum. (12) The Beetles, one of the most popular rock and roll sensations in history, created frenzy in the U. S. As they became a model for rock and roll. The Beetles dominated the record industries and with their dominant instrumentation, which included, electric leads, rhythm, and bass guitar, drums and sometimes an electric organ, changed the name of Rock n Roll to just Rock. Rock music and society have mirrored each other since the bad boy image of Elvis Presley, through fads like the dance craze, and through the rebellious years of the counterculture. Rock and roll has been a key player in bringing differing cultures together; most predominantly, it began to bring white and black people together.Although it has not completely dissolved call intolerance, it has significantly blurred the lines separating us. Music, especially rock and roll is an open forum for all people to shout out their individual and varied viewpoints. It is a showcase of life and a reflection of society. (13) The last type of music I would like to touch on is rap, which is also known as hip-hop. Rap is defined as spoken words with an underlying rhythm section consisting of bass, drums, and occasional keyboard sounds. The words are spoken rhythmically, and accents in this speaking are very important.Hip Hop is considered the spouse of rap; it is essentially the background music, which accompanies the rapper. Raps roots can be traced to the following influences: Cab Galloway is known for his signature Hi-De-hi-De-hi-De-ho chant from Minnie the Moocher. Starting back in the 1 asss, Galloway used a call and response format with his audience, which is one of the foundations of rap. Other musicians who have utilized this technique, or have utilized a monologue-style in their music, include the following: Lou Rails, Charlie Daniels, Bob Diddled and Peter, Paul, and Mary.The Hip Hop subculture and rap music seemed to have originated in the united States in the Bronx. The iris rap record to make it big was Rappers Delight released by the Sugar Hill Gang on Saliva and Joey Robinsons Sugar Hill label. Run-D. M. C. Was the first black rap group to break through to a very white audience with their albums, Run-D. M. C and King of Rock. These albums led the way that rap would travel into the musical mainstream. Even though Run-D. M. C. Dressed as if they came right off the street corner, this was not the case. Run and D.M. C came from middle class families, they were never deprived of anything and they never ran with a gang. One could never tell this by their dress or room the raps, they made. As rap music evolved and became popular, women tended to be the targets of male rap lyrics and generally were not portrayed in a favorable light. Rap music producers also seemed to be hesitant to produce female rap artists. (9) David Twigging in his article, Not for Men Only; Women Rappers are Breaking the Mold with a Message of their Own, offers two reasons for this reluctance.One being rap producers were apprehensive about signing female rappers because they feared tampering with their proven formula of success of producing macho male rappers. The other being, rap producers did not feel hat female voices could supply the requisite loudness and abrasiveness that they felt was a major feature of rap music. (10) A New York City female rap trio by the name of Salt N EPA would provide the rap music industry with the incentive to produce more female rappers with the success of its debut album, Hot, Cool, Vicious, which sold over a million copies.Besides the fact that people like what they heard, Russell Simmons who was quoted in Thesiss article offers another explanation. Simmons stated, There are more women buying rap records who would like to relate to women artists ND there are more guys who want to he ar a womens point of view. (1 0) Salt N Pepper rapped over soul-tinged RB melodies with teasing, street- sway raps about maturity, independence from men, and sexual responsibility. Another female rapper, Minnie Love, tried not to be too serious with her rap messages.

Ethics and Professional Practices Profession

Question: Write about the Ethics and Professional Practicesfor Profession. Answer: Introduction to Ethics and Reasoning Ethics is an essential part of any profession. The business ethics, along with the personal ethics needs to be followed. Considering the case study of targeting a broken heart, people have the tendency to post the stories of the breakup on the social networking sites such as Facebook (University, 2017). In a recent study on how the online behaviour of the people gets affected on their breakup moments has revealed the fact that people tend to post their personal issues and the reasons of their breakup (Berry, 2013). There is often a gap between the breakup and the Facebook post announcing the breakup. However, Facebook uses data mining and displays certain advertisements, targeting the broken and weak heart (Cohen, 2016). However, the people having recent breakup tends to get attracted to those offers made in the advertisements, committing various mistakes. On the part of the company, Facebook, it is unethical to take advantage of the weaknesses. However, since Facebook uses data mining and other technology to offer its users relevant advertisements and offers made based on their recent posts, hence it cannot be called unethical. This is because, Facebook does not have the intelligence to judge the emotional turmoil of the person and hence it cannot judge whether to exploit the weakness of the people or not. Professionalism and Information Communication Technology Professionalism is one of the basic ethical considerations that a person or a company needs to have, while engaging in a business. It refers to the ethics and competencies that is expected of a professional person or company. In the case study of Facebook targeting the weak heart, lack of professionalism has been seen. This is because, the information technology on which the company works has artificial intelligence (DeMartino McCloskey, 2016). However, the artificial intelligence is not smart enough to judge whether to target the weak heart or not. Thus, the company needs to upgrade its software and technology such that information communication technology could be used in an efficient manner. Professionalism needs to be incorporated while designing the technology on which Facebook works. Moreover, as seen in the case study of Machado, he was the first person who was convicted at the age of 19 years, for sending life threatening hate mails to 56 Asian students ("Machado Case Materi als", 2017). This is an example of utter misuse of the information technology and communication. Email is one of the most widely used information technology system for communication (Dent Whitehead, 2013). This was misused by Richard Machado and had a deep social and ethical impact along with setting a wrongful example of misuse of internet and information technology and communication. The advent of information technology and communication is a boon to the society and needs to be used effectively by the people of the society. However, the misuse of the email, to send threatening mails to 56 Asian students was a clear misuse of the information technology and communication. Privacy and Intellectual Property in Cyberspace Intellectual property includes the copyrights and patents that give exclusive rights to the person to for the inventions or other intellectual properties. The lack of privacy or infringement of the intellectual properties in the cyberspaces include the copyright of the online articles, unauthorized use of online data, breach of data privacy, and entering into personal cyberspace (Hubman et al., 2015). Copyright infringement includes the unauthorized download of pirated softwares, games, music, movies. The data privacy needs to be protected and only authorized softwares and music should be used. Moreover, the privacy of each person needs to be respected in the cyber world, thus, maintaining the integrity of the individuals. Digital copyright violation is a crime and needs to be refrained from (Weckert Lucas, 2013). The business giants ensure that they do not exchange critical information in the cyber space, as the cyber space is vulnerable to authorized access and hacking. Thus, impo rtance has to be given to the protection of intellectual property on the cyberspace, along with avoidance of using pirated software and music. Protection of intellectual property is an ethical issue and each professional needs to protect the privacy of the users (University, 2017). However, it might be argued that, since Facebook is a social platform, and the users are sharing their private information in a public platform, hence the use of data mining for suggesting events is justified and not a violation of privacy or infringement of personal property in the cyberspace. Digital Divide and Cyber Ethics Cyber ethics is referred to as the study of the legal and social issues, involving the cyber technology. The cyber ethics incorporates the moral and social values in the cyber world. Cyber ethics is essential to be maintained while incorporating information technology and communication. In the case of Facebook targeting the broken heart, the cyber ethics is violated. Though Facebook is a business house and the advertisements and offers are presented with the motivation of earning money, however, the cyber ethics need to be maintained. It has been highlighted by the researchers, that the posts made by men, have phrases such as healing, drowning sorrow, days before they announce their breakup. However, the posts made by the women have these phrases on the actual announcement (Reddy Reddy, 2014). Hence, it is unethical that that Facebook mines its users posts and offer advertisements and offers taking the advantage of their weakness. In order to maintain cyber ethics, Facebook should a void mining into the posts of the users especially with certain keywords that is indicative of a breakup (Spahn, 2014). Moreover, when the status of a person is changed to single, with indicative posts, the suggestive advertisements need to be stopped. However, certain offers for therapeutic treatment and counselling might be given to the users, with the intension of relieving them of the trauma that they are going through. Cyber ethics will be maintained if the use of data mining is directed towards the well-being of the people undergoing a breakup phase. References Berry, D. (2013).Ethics and media culture: Practices and representations. CRC Press. Cohen, A. I. (2016). Ethics and Professional Practice. InPracticing Professional Ethics in Economics and Public Policy(pp. 237-244). Springer Netherlands. DeMartino, G. F., McCloskey, D. N. (2016).The Oxford handbook of professional economic ethics. Oxford University Press. Dent, M., Whitehead, S. (2013).Managing professional identities: Knowledge, performativities and the'new'professional(Vol. 19). Routledge. Hubman, J. M., Doyle, Z. B., Payne III, R. L., Woodburn, T. F., McDaniel, B. G., Giordano, J. V. (2015). Ethical Considerations in the Cyber Domain. InEvolution of Cyber Technologies and Operations to 2035(pp. 163-174). Springer International Publishing. Machado Case Materials. (2017). Computingcases.org. Retrieved 2 May 2017, from https://computingcases.org/case_materials/machado/machado_case_intro.html Reddy, G. N., Reddy, G. J. (2014). A Study of Cyber Security Challenges and its emerging trends on latest technologies.arXiv preprint arXiv:1402.1842. Spahn, T. E. (2014). Professionalism vs. Ethics.Experience,24, 47. University, S. (2017). Targeting a Broken Heart. Scu.edu. Retrieved 2 May 2017, from https://www.scu.edu/ethics/focus-areas/internet-ethics/resources/targeting-a-broken-heart/ Weckert, J., Lucas, R. (2013).Professionalism in the information and communication technology industry. ANU Press.